Chapter 1: The Challenge of Bacteria in Space

Living and working aboard the International Space Station (ISS) presents unique hazards, especially concerning the presence of bacteria. The delicate structure of the station is vulnerable, and any breach could jeopardize the crew's safety. Compounding the issue is the fact that bacteria tend to become more harmful in space, as human immune systems experience diminished effectiveness.

Research led by Elisabeth Grohmann from Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin has revealed that a novel antimicrobial coating could significantly reduce bacterial presence on surfaces, such as the bathroom door.

A paradox exists in spaceflight: while the harsh conditions of microgravity and radiation strengthen bacteria, they simultaneously weaken the human immune response. In microgravity, bacteria can form protective biofilms, adhering to surfaces, while radiation accelerates mutations, possibly leading to antibiotic resistance. These resistant bacterial cells can then share their traits with others, creating a troubling scenario for astronauts.

Section 1.1: The Antimicrobial Solution

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" is particularly concerning on the ISS, where astronauts may spend extended periods—up to a year—away from Earth. Researchers evaluated a new coating that combines silver and ruthenium, known as AGXX. This innovative solution, designed as vitamin derivatives, effectively eradicates not only bacteria but also some fungi, yeasts, and viruses. It functions similarly to bleach but has the added advantage of being self-regenerating.

Subsection 1.1.1: Testing the AGXX Coating

Astronauts aboard the ISS put AGXX to the test on a surface known to attract bacteria: the bathroom door. After six months, the door showed no bacterial growth. At the 12- and 19-month marks, only 12 bacteria were found from samples taken, indicating an impressive 80% reduction compared to untreated steel surfaces. In contrast, conventional silver coatings typically reduce bacterial colonization by only about 30%.

The research team suspects that the gradual decline in effectiveness over time wasn't due to the breakdown of AGXX or the emergence of more virulent bacteria. Instead, it is likely attributed to dust and debris accumulating on the door's surface, which hindered its antibacterial properties.

Despite these findings, the ISS crew reported no detection of bacteria that posed a serious risk to human health. However, many strains exhibited resistance to antibiotics and demonstrated the ability to form biofilms, which allows them to evade immune responses. Implementing systems like AGXX is crucial for minimizing bacterial growth and ensuring the health of astronauts during their missions.

Chapter 2: The Importance of Space Hygiene

In the first video titled "Wringing out Water on the ISS - for Science!", viewers can explore how astronauts manage water in microgravity and the implications for hygiene in space.

The second video, "Inside LunAres: The Secret Facility Where Future Astronauts Prepare for Space Isolation," offers a glimpse into training facilities designed to prepare astronauts for the isolation and challenges of space travel.

Originally published at www.extremetech.com on March 21, 2019.