Gene Editing: A New Dawn for Humanity, Not the Dusk
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Chapter 1: The Breakthrough of Gene Editing
Gene editing is entering mainstream discourse, raising concerns about its implications in the medical field.
As gene editing technology progresses, many express apprehension regarding its potential effects on society.
In 2012, a pivotal discovery at UC Berkeley revolutionized human history. Jennifer Doudna, working in her lab above Latimer Hall, stumbled upon a groundbreaking protein complex from Streptococcus pyogenes, integral to the bacterium's immune defense. This discovery led to her receiving the Nobel Prize just eight years later. A collaborative team of researchers from California, Massachusetts, and France delved deeper into this enigmatic protein, identifying DNA sequences linked to what would become known as CRISPR—Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. The gene-editing protein was labeled CRISPR Associated Protein 9 (Cas9). The distinctiveness of Cas proteins lies in their guidance by a single guide RNA. Historically, attempts at genome editing faced challenges in accuracy and adaptability, but by 2012, it became feasible to direct gene editing tools precisely and affordably—costing merely $7 per sgRNA. With such precision and minimal expense, the prospects of genome editing appear incredibly promising.
Section 1.1: The Dystopian Vision of GATTACA
The film GATTACA presents a bleak outlook on the future of humanity in light of gene editing. In this narrative, the widespread application of genomic engineering exacerbates existing social divides. While contemporary genomic techniques aim to combat severe diseases, the society depicted in GATTACA employs them for personal enhancement. Unfortunately, only the affluent can access this technology, leading to stark inequalities, where the middle class is deprived of the benefits of gene editing due to prohibitive costs. Consequently, genetic discrimination becomes prevalent, with only the genetically "superior" securing prestigious employment. Moreover, the pursuit of genetic perfection drives many parents to modify their unborn children's genes to eliminate perceived flaws.
While the depiction in GATTACA is dire, it raises the question: how does this narrative stack up against our current advancements in genomic medicine?
Section 1.2: Misconceptions About Human Nature
One fundamental misconception GATTACA propagates is about human nature itself—specifically, our innate tendency for cooperation. In reality, our collective efforts to address diseases have been robust, exemplified by an international task force focused on this goal for nearly fifty years. Beyond the ITFDE, organizations such as the WHO and CDC are actively working towards eradicating human diseases. Notably, such collaborative initiatives are absent in GATTACA. While optimizing our genomes is theoretically possible, practical applications remain unrealized. Nevertheless, the achievements in gene editing have been remarkable, enabling researchers to confront previously incurable diseases caused by specific genetic mutations.
Subsection 1.2.1: The Fallacy of Predictive Mutations
GATTACA erroneously portrays mutations as definitive predictors of outcomes. Thankfully, most mutations within our genomes do not dictate results with certainty. Environmental factors and the interplay of various genes significantly influence gene expression. For instance, a mutation linked to a rare form of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's can be counteracted by another mutation affecting a different protein. Additionally, the functions of many genes remain largely unknown. Thus, using mutations of unclear significance as a basis for predicting life outcomes is unrealistic, as both environmental and genetic interactions play crucial roles.
Chapter 2: The Future of Gene Editing
Since the 2012 breakthrough, CRISPR has gained significant traction. Numerous clinical trials leveraging CRISPR-Cas9 are underway, with transformative potential for individuals. For example, Victoria Gray's successful treatment for Sickle Cell Disease via CRISPR-Cas9 highlights the technology's promise. Importantly, all federally funded research in human gene editing has concentrated on disease treatment. While there are considerable obstacles to using CRISPR for enhancements, including cost, the polygenic nature of many desirable traits complicates matters.
GATTACA [1997] – Official Trailer (HD) | Now on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and Digital - This trailer showcases the film's vision of a genetically divided society.
GATTACA (1997) - First 10 Minutes - The opening sequence sets the stage for the movie's exploration of genetic engineering's societal implications.
Looking back at the history of transformative medical breakthroughs offers insights into the future trajectory of CRISPR-Cas9. Humanity has a proven record of successfully integrating groundbreaking medical innovations, such as vaccines and antibiotics, into society. This success results from extensive collaboration among the world's wealthiest nations and their leaders. If gene editing receives similar funding and support as prior medical advancements, it could possess extraordinary potential to eliminate diseases. Thankfully, a multitude of scientists, institutions, and governments are tirelessly working to make gene editing treatments accessible to all who need them.
In conclusion, while the realities of gene editing may not align with the narrative presented in GATTACA, the future remains uncertain until gene editing becomes more affordable and widely accessible. For the time being, however, I maintain a sense of cautious optimism.